Metastasis Risk Reduction Related with Beta-Blocker Treatment in Mexican Women with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast Cancer (BCa) is the most common malignant tumour in Mexican women. In BCa, several studies have linked ß2-adrenergic receptor activation with increased tumour growth and progression as related with Epinephrine-NorEpinephrine (E-NE) stimulation. The aim of this study was to describe Beta-Blocker (BB) treatment related with reduction of the risk of metastasis in Mexican patients with BCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected data of 120 patients seen at the High-Specialty Naval General Hospital in Mexico City (HOSGENAES), all of these with a histopathological diagnosis of BCa. Four groups of patients were divided as follows: without Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH); with SAH treatment with non-selective BB; with SAH treatment with selective BB, and with SAH treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. Chi-square, Mantel- Haenszel, Student t, and ANOVA tests were performed for data analysis. RESULTS: On average, patients were 54.8±11.8 years of age. Risk factors such as smoking and consuming alcohol exhibited a frequency of 33 and 36.5% respectively. Clinical stages III- IV were found in 50% of patients, while, 30% of patients had arterial hypertension (n=29 and N=96, respectively) and 17.5% used BB. One hundred percent of patients with arterial hypertension treated with BB for ß1 - and ß2 -adrenergic-receptors did not present metastasis globally, but patients treated with ß1 BB presented 30% of metastasis while patients treated with no BB or without SAH had around 70% of metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexican patients with BCa and SAH treated with non-selective (ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors) BB, a decrease in the risk for metastasis was observed at the time of diagnosis.

Effect of pentobarbital on pH and electrolyte levels after induced seizure in rats.

We studied the effects of high doses of pentobarbital (PB) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on electrolyte levels and pH in an epileptic animal model. Pentobarbital decreased Ca2+ and Na+ levels without pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). After this, Ca2+ and Na+ levels continued to decrease except when CBZ was used, which preserved the Ca2+ levels PTZ may have opposed effects on PB. Our results suggest that PB causes changes in electrolyte levels and pH, but these changes are diminished by CBZ.

[Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and vertex potentials in 5-year-old children with defective articulation of the phonemes /l/, /r/, /rr/ and /s/]. / Potenciales evocados auditivos de tallo cerebral y potenciales de vertice en ninos de 5 anos con fallos articulatorios para los fonemas /l/, /r/, /rr/ y /s/.

AIMS: In children with articulatory defects it is important to evaluate the central auditory level. We compared the results of the interwave intervals of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) at 80 dB SPL (sound pressure level) and the latencies of the waves of long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEP) (vertex) in 5-year-old children with articulatory defects for /l/, /r/, /rr/ and /s/, and in controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty cases of 5-year-old children of both sexes were evaluated; 25 had articulatory defects and 25 with no articulatory defects were used as controls. Melgar's articulation test was applied to both groups. The following aspects were considered in the two groups: normal bilateral audition by means of tone audiometry, tympanometry and the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for preschool and primary school children, which were normal; there was no history of neurological damage. Interwave intervals for waves I-III, I-V and III-V of the BAEP and the latencies of the LLAEP (vertex) were evaluated. RESULTS: Data were analysed using SPSS 12, and descriptive statistics and Student's t test were carried out to appraise the differences between the two groups. No differences were found between the control group and the study group. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to determine whether children with articulatory defects have alterations in the auditory receptor or in their central auditory function. It can be concluded that the variables analysed in the two groups behave in the same way; no significant differences were found, which suggests that neither the auditory receptor nor the central auditory function are affected in the study group. Further studies are to be conducted to investigate the meaning of the difference in central nervous conduction between the two afferences in the study group.

Potenciales evocados auditivos de tallo cerebral y potenciales de vértice en niños de 5 años con fallos articulatorios para los fonemas /l/, /r/, /rr/ y /s/ / Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and vertex potentials in 5-year-old children with defective articulation of the phonemes /l/, /r/, /rr/ and /s/

Objetivo. En los niños con fallos articulatorios es importantevalorar el nivel auditivo central. Se comparan los resultadosde los intervalos interonda de los potenciales evocados auditivosde tallo cerebral (PEATC) a 80 dB SPL (nivel de presión sonora)y las latencias de las ondas de los potenciales evocados auditivosde latencia larga (PEALL) (de vértice) en niños de 5 años deedad con fallos articulatorios para /l/, /r/, /rr/ y /s/, y en controles.Sujetos y métodos. Se evaluaron 50 casos de niños de ambos sexos,de 5 años de edad; 25 con fallos articulatorios y 25 sin fallos articulatorios,como controles; a los dos grupos se les aplicó la pruebade articulación de Melgar. En ambos grupos se consideró: audiciónbilateral normal mediante audiometría tonal, timpanometría yescala de inteligencia de Wechsler para preescolar y primaria revisada,que fueron normales; ausencia de antecedentes de daño neurológico;se evaluaron intervalos interonda de las ondas I-III, I-V yIII-V de los PEATC y latencias de los PEALL (vértice). Resultados.Se analizaron los datos con el SPSS 12, y se realizó estadística descriptivay la t de Student para evaluar diferencias entre los grupos.No se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo control y el grupo deestudio. Conclusiones. Es importante descartar si los niños confallos articulatorios presentan alteraciones en el receptor auditivoo en su función auditiva central. Las variables analizadas en ambosgrupos se comportaron de la misma forma; no se hallaron diferenciassignificativas, lo cual sugiere que en el grupo de estudio noestá afectado su receptor auditivo ni su función auditiva central.Queda pendiente de investigar el significado de la diferencia de laconducción nerviosa central entre ambas aferencias del grupo deestudio

Aims. In children with articulatory defects it is important to evaluate the central auditory level. We compared theresults of the interwave intervals of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) at 80 dB SPL (sound pressure level) and thelatencies of the waves of long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEP) (vertex) in 5-year-old children with articulatorydefects for /l/, /r/, /rr/ and /s/, and in controls. Subjects and methods. Fifty cases of 5-year-old children of both sexes wereevaluated; 25 had articulatory defects and 25 with no articulatory defects were used as controls. Melgar’s articulation test wasapplied to both groups. The following aspects were considered in the two groups: normal bilateral audition by means of toneaudiometry, tympanometry and the revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for preschool and primary school children, which werenormal; there was no history of neurological damage. Interwave intervals for waves I-III, I-V and III-V of the BAEP and thelatencies of the LLAEP (vertex) were evaluated. Results. Data were analysed using SPSS 12, and descriptive statistics andStudent’s t test were carried out to appraise the differences between the two groups. No differences were found between thecontrol group and the study group. Conclusions. It is important to determine whether children with articulatory defects havealterations in the auditory receptor or in their central auditory function. It can be concluded that the variables analysed in thetwo groups behave in the same way; no significant differences were found, which suggests that neither the auditory receptor northe central auditory function are affected in the study group. Further studies are to be conducted to investigate the meaning ofthe difference in central nervous conduction between the two afferences in the study group

[Identification of auditory laterality by means of a new dichotic digit test in Spanish, and body laterality and spatial orientation in children with dyslexia and in controls]. / Identificación de la lateralidad auditiva mediante una prueba dicótica nueva con dígitos en español, y de la lateralidad corporal y orientación espacial en niños con dislexia y en controles.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, a new dichotic digit test in Spanish (NDDTS) was applied in order to identify auditory laterality. We also evaluated body laterality and spatial location using the Subirana test. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Both the dichotic test and the Subirana test for body laterality and spatial location were applied in a group of 40 children with dyslexia and in a control group made up of 40 children who were paired according to age and gender. The results of the three evaluations were analysed using the SPSS 10 software application, with Pearson's chi-squared test. RESULTS: It was seen that 42.5% of the children in the group of dyslexics had mixed auditory laterality, compared to 7.5% in the control group (p < or = 0.05). Body laterality was mixed in 25% of dyslexic children and in 2.5% in the control group (p < or = 0.05) and there was 72.5% spatial disorientation in the group of dyslexics, whereas only 15% (p < or = 0.05) was found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The NDDTS proved to be a useful tool for demonstrating that mixed auditory laterality and auditory predominance of the left ear are linked to dyslexia. The results of this test exceed those obtained for body laterality. Spatial orientation is indeed altered in children with dyslexia. The importance of this finding makes it necessary to study the central auditory processes in all cases in order to define better rehabilitation strategies in Spanish-speaking children.

Identificación de la lateralidad auditiva mediante una prueba dicótica nueva con dígitos en español, y de la lateralidad corporal y orientación espacial en niños con dislexia y en controles / Identification of auditory laterality by means of a new dichotic digit test in spanish, and body laterality and spatial orientation in children with dyslexia and in controls

Introducción. En este estudio aplicamos una prueba dicótica nueva con dígitos en español (PNDDE) para identificar la lateralidad auditiva. También evaluamos la lateralidad corporal y la ubicación espacial por medio de la prueba de Subirana. Pacientes y métodos. En un grupo de 40 niños disléxicos y en un grupo control de 40 niños pareados por edad y género se aplicó la prueba dicótica y la prueba de Subirana para la lateralidad corporal y ubicación espacial. Los resultados de las tres evaluaciones se analizaron con el programa SPSS 10, con la prueba chi al cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados. Se observó que el grupo de disléxicos obtuvo un 42,5% de niños con lateralidad auditiva mixta, respecto al 7,5% del grupo control (p ≤ 0,05). La lateralidad corporal fue mixta en el 25% de los niños disléxicos y el 2,5% en el grupo control (p ≤ 0,05) y hubo desorientación espacial del 72,5% en el grupo de disléxicos, mientras que en el grupo control sólo se encontró el 15% (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusiones. Se corrobora la utilidad de la PNDDE para evidenciar que la lateralidad auditiva mixta y el predominio auditivo del oído izquierdo están relacionados con la dislexia. Los resultados de esta prueba superan a los de lateralidad corporal. La orientación espacial sí se encuentra alterada en los niños con dislexia. La trascendencia de este hallazgo implica el estudio de los procesos centrales de la audición en todos los casos, para definir mejores estrategias rehabilitadoras en los niños hispanoparlantes (AU)

Introduction. In this study, a new dichotic digit test in Spanish (NDDTS) was applied in order to identify auditory laterality. We also evaluated body laterality and spatial location using the Subirana test. Subjects and methods. Both the dichotic test and the Subirana test for body laterality and spatial location were applied in a group of 40 children with dyslexia and in a control group made up of 40 children who were paired according to age and gender. The results of the three evaluations were analysed using the SPSS 10 software application, with Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results. It was seen that 42.5% of the children in the group of dyslexics had mixed auditory laterality, compared to 7.5% in the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Body laterality was mixed in 25% of dyslexic children and in 2.5% in the control group (p ≤ 0.05) and there was 72.5% spatial disorientation in the group of dyslexics, whereas only 15% (p ≤ 0.05) was found in the control group. Conclusions. The NDDTS proved to be a useful tool for demonstrating that mixed auditory laterality and auditory predominance of the left ear are linked to dyslexia. The results of this test exceed those obtained for body laterality. Spatial orientation is indeed altered in children with dyslexia. The importance of this finding makes it necessary to study the central auditory processes in all cases in order to define better rehabilitation strategies in Spanish-speaking children (AU)